Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming healthcare by enabling advanced analysis of complex biomedical data and supporting clinical decision-making. Traditional statistical methods often struggle with high-dimensional datasets, while machine learning can identify patterns directly from large amounts of data. According to Abtahi and Astaraki (2026), AI is particularly valuable in healthcare when analysing large datasets where traditional methods are limited. One important application of AI is cancer classification using gene expression data. These datasets measure the activity of thousands of genes simultaneously, helping researchers identify molecular patterns linked to specific…